General histology

Tissues are formed by cells and can be differentiated into four different types: connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and epithelium (epithelial tissue). Epithelium is a component of almost every…

Causes of Splenomegaly

1-Infective causes: Bacterial (Typhoid & paratyphoid, septicemia, pyogenic abscess, tuberculosis, typhus). Viral (infective hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis). Spirochaetal (Weirs disease, syphilis) Parasitic (Bilhariziasis, hydatid cyst, malaria,trypanosomiasis, kala azar). 2-Blood diseases:  Leukaemias.…

Meckel’s diverticulum

Definition of Diverticulum A blind pouch that is continuous with lumen of a hollow viscus(gut or urinary bladder) Meckel’s Diverticulum  Persistent patency of the proximal part of the vitellointestinal duct. lt…

Regulation of cardiovascular system

Regulation of cardiovascular : Adaptation to short-term changes is provided by the Frank-Starling mechanism. Long-term changes in cardiac activity are regulated by the autonomic nervous system. 1. Frank-Starling mechanism:  …

Obestetric Anesthesia

Physiology: Pain relief from uterine contractions and cervical dilation in stage 1 of labor involves thoracic nerve roots, T10 to T12. Pain relief from perineal distention in stage 2 of…

Placental hormones

Human chorionic gonadotropin     Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblast and first appears in maternal blood 10 days after fertilization. It peaks at 9–10 weeks…

Electrical conduction of the cardiovascular system

Physiology : cardiovascular   Electrical conduction: SA node (pacemaker) creates an action potential → signal spreads across atria and causes their contraction   → signal reaches AV node and is slowed down → AV node conducts the signal to bundle of His down…